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1.
IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings ; 2023-March, 2023.
Article in English | Scopus | ID: covidwho-20243091

ABSTRACT

NASA's Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART) successfully intercepted the asteroid Didymos on September 26th of 2022, potentially changing its orbital period with a deflection by kinetic impact. The spacecraft launched aboard a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket on November 24th, 2021. DART's Integration and Test (I&T) campaign was scheduled to commence in April of 2020 at the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory (JHU/APL) in Laurel, Maryland. In March of that year, one month prior to beginning I&T, the rapid spread of the Coronavirus (COVID-19) forced JHU/APL to rethink how to assemble, test and deliver a spacecraft on schedule during a very challenging period of time. This paper will discuss the details of the successful I&T strategy used by the DART team during the COVID-19 lockdown and subsequent return to post-lockdown life. The team learned how to effectively meet virtually, how to integrate hardware, and how to operate the spacecraft with the least amount of people required. Communication was key in keeping the various DART team members, who were located across the country, connected and safe. The team had also moved documentation online for the first time, which turned out to be very instrumental in keeping everyone on track. A variety of tools to collaborate and document test procedures and results proved valuable for record keeping. Creative solutions were implemented during the test campaign for scheduling both remote and in person monitoring. This paper will conclude with DART lessons learned and recommendations for future I&T programs. © 2023 IEEE.

2.
IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings ; 2023-March, 2023.
Article in English | Scopus | ID: covidwho-20236235

ABSTRACT

The Earth Surface Mineral Dust Source Investigation (EMIT) acquires new observations of the Earth from a state-of-the-art, optically fast F/1.8 visible to short wavelength infrared imaging spectrometer with high signal-to-noise ratio and excellent spectroscopic uniformity. EMIT was launched to the International Space Station from Cape Canaveral, Florida, on July 14, 2022 local time. The EMIT instrument is the latest in a series of more than 30 imaging spectrometers and testbeds developed at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, beginning with the Airborne Imaging Spectrometer that first flew in 1982. EMIT's science objectives use the spectral signatures of minerals observed across the Earth's arid and semi-arid lands containing dust sources to update the soil composition of advanced Earth System Models (ESMs) to better understand and reduce uncertainties in mineral dust aerosol radiative forcing at the local, regional, and global scale, now and in the future. EMIT has begun to collect and deliver high-quality mineral composition determinations for the arid land regions of our planet. Over 1 billion high-quality mineral determinations are expected over the course of the one-year nominal science mission. Currently, detailed knowledge of the composition of the Earth's mineral dust source regions is uncertain and traced to less than 5,000 surface sample mineralogical analyses. The development of the EMIT imaging spectrometer instrumentation was completed successfully, despite the severe impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic. The EMIT Science Data System is complete and running with the full set of algorithms required. These tested algorithms are open source and will be made available to the broader community. These include calibration to measured radiance, atmospheric correction to surface reflectance, mineral composition determination, aggregation to ESM resolution, and ESM runs to address the science objectives. In this paper, the instrument characteristics, ground calibration, in-orbit performance, and early science results are reported. © 2023 IEEE.

3.
Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics ; 23(7):3905-3935, 2023.
Article in English | ProQuest Central | ID: covidwho-2276300

ABSTRACT

In orbit since late 2017, the Tropospheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) is offering new outstanding opportunities for better understanding the emission and fate of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) pollution in the troposphere. In this study, we provide a comprehensive analysis of the spatio-temporal variability of TROPOMI NO2 tropospheric columns (TrC-NO2) over the Iberian Peninsula during 2018–2021, considering the recently developed Product Algorithm Laboratory (PAL) product. We complement our analysis with estimates of NOx anthropogenic and natural soil emissions. Closely related to cloud cover, the data availability of TROPOMI observations ranges from 30 %–45 % during April and November to 70 %–80 % during summertime, with strong variations between northern and southern Spain. Strongest TrC-NO2 hotspots are located over Madrid and Barcelona, while TrC-NO2 enhancements are also observed along international maritime routes close the strait of Gibraltar, and to a lesser extent along specific major highways. TROPOMI TrC-NO2 appear reasonably well correlated with collocated surface NO2 mixing ratios, with correlations around 0.7–0.8 depending on the averaging time.We investigate the changes of weekly and monthly variability of TROPOMI TrC-NO2 depending on the urban cover fraction. Weekly profiles show a reduction of TrC-NO2 during the weekend ranging from -10 % to -40 % from least to most urbanized areas, in reasonable agreement with surface NO2. In the largest agglomerations like Madrid or Barcelona, this weekend effect peaks not in the city center but in specific suburban areas/cities, suggesting a larger relative contribution of commuting to total NOx anthropogenic emissions. The TROPOMI TrC-NO2 monthly variability also strongly varies with the level of urbanization, with monthly differences relative to annual mean ranging from -40 % in summer to +60 % in winter in the most urbanized areas, and from -10 % to +20 % in the least urbanized areas. When focusing on agricultural areas, TROPOMI observations depict an enhancement in June–July that could come from natural soil NO emissions. Some specific analysis of surface NO2 observations in Madrid show that the relatively sharp NO2 minimum used to occur in August (drop of road transport during holidays) has now evolved into a much broader minimum partly de-coupled from the observed local road traffic counting;this change started in 2018, thus before the COVID-19 outbreak. Over 2019–2021, a reasonable consistency of the inter-annual variability of NO2 is also found between both datasets.Our study illustrates the strong potential of TROPOMI TrC-NO2 observations for complementing the existing surface NO2 monitoring stations, especially in the poorly covered rural and maritime areas where NOx can play a key role, notably for the production of tropospheric O3.

4.
Symmetry ; 15(1):141, 2023.
Article in English | ProQuest Central | ID: covidwho-2216865
5.
14th European Conference on Synthetic Aperture Radar, EUSAR 2022 ; 2022-July:141-146, 2022.
Article in English | Scopus | ID: covidwho-2169427

ABSTRACT

The Copernicus Sentinel-1 mission ensures continuity of C-band SAR observations for Europe. The routine operations of the constellation are on-going and performed at full mission capacity. The mission is characterized by large-scale and repetitive observations, systematic production and free and open data policy. Sentinel-1 data are routinely used by Copernicus and many operational services, as well as in the scientific and commercial domain. The paper addresses the mission status, the Sentinel-1 observation scenario, the impact on the COVID-19 crisis, and an overview on the recent mission performance aspects. It also presents the mission perspective for the years to come, in particular preliminary information on the new concept of a Sentinel-1 satellite in stand-by in orbit. In a second part, the paper addresses the improvements in system robustness and performance for the Sentinel-1C/-1D units. In addition, it discusses the main characteristics of the Automatic Identification System (AIS) instrument to augment the SAR payload data for ship marine traffic applications. © 2022 Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.. All rights reserved.

6.
National Remote Sensing Bulletin ; 26(9):1777-1788, 2022.
Article in Chinese | Scopus | ID: covidwho-2145243

ABSTRACT

The COVID-19 epidemic swept the world and continued to spread. Without effective medical treatments and vaccine during the early stage of the pandemic, local governments in various countries had to lock down cities and adopt non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs), such as the stay-at-home order, social distancing, and so on. NPIs against the COVID-19 epidemic have significantly changed socioeconomic activities in cities. However, characteristics and patterns of urban socio-economic activities under this influence are still unclear. Benefiting from the development of earth observation technologies, such large-scale changes in socioeconomic activities are enough to be captured by satellites through remotely sensed night-time lights (NTL). In this study, we selected 20 major cities in the United States including New York, Chicago and Los Angeles to analyze spatio-temporal variations of NTL caused by the lockdown of cities. The first round of COVID-19 epidemic occurred in the United States in mid-March 2020. Since March 2020, American cities have successively issued stay-at-home orders, but there are differences in the time and strictness of policy implementation. Large cities have a higher population density and a higher intensity of social activities, so they are more susceptible to infectious diseases. The diversity of lockdown dates and strictness of lockdowns in cities in the United States are conducive to investigating the spatio-temporal variations of NTL. We acquired monthly averaged NPP VIIRS products of February, March and April, 2020, which are from Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) Day/Night Band (DNB) onboard the Suomi National Polar-orbiting Platform (NPP). We further analyzed the spatial pattern, distance decay and disparities in land use types of changes in NTL. Results show that NTL generally dimmed by 5-8% in U.S. cities caused by the lockdown of cities. There are 6 cities where the luminous brightness has dropped by more than 10%: Chicago, Dallas, Denver, Detroit, Minneapolis, and St. Louis. Among them, Minneapolis has the largest decrease in luminous brightness, with a decrease of about 40% in March. The spatial change of NTL shows obvious "core-periphery" pattern that the reduction of NTL declines with the distance from the city center. This is mainly because the central area of the city is a concentrated commercial area. After the closure of the city, commercial activities have dropped significantly, resulting in an obvious reduction in NTL around city centers. The reduction of NTL varies among diverse urban land use types. In New York, NTL decreased the most on land for residence and aviation facilities by 12% and 11%, respectively. In Chicago, NTL generally decreased by 20% in all types of urban land, and NTL recovered after one month of the lockdown of cities in other urban land except sports facilities land. This study only analyzes the spatio-temporal changes of NTL. In the future, it can be combined with multi-source data to explain the driving force of NTL changes. Nighttime light remote sensing effectively reflects urban socio-economic dynamics with an important application in monitoring and assessing socio-economic impacts of emergencies. © 2022 National Remote Sensing Bulletin. All rights reserved.

7.
IEEE Microwave Magazine ; 23(10):47-58, 2022.
Article in English | Scopus | ID: covidwho-2063281

ABSTRACT

Despite the rapid and continuous development of communication and networking technologies, the goal of universal connectivity (i.e., the ability to communicate with any user at any time and in any place) is still unrealized. In 2019, a study [1] found that 40% of Earth's regions lack network coverage, which means that there are still 4 billion people on the planet without Internet access. Moreover, even as the COVID-19 pandemic increased the need for online working, learning, and accessing services-and, thus, increased the number of Internet users-2.9 billion people remain offline in developing countries [2]. Satellite communications (SatCom) have been emerging as a potential and indispensable solution to extending broadband coverage to underserved areas [2]. © 2000-2012 IEEE.

8.
Journal of Geophysical Research. Space Physics ; 127(9), 2022.
Article in English | ProQuest Central | ID: covidwho-2050273

ABSTRACT

We present a low‐altitude satellite survey of power line harmonic radiation (PLHR) at 50 Hz over Mainland China. We analyzed the month‐to‐month variation pattern in PLHR occurrence rate and further analyzed its correlation with some influencing factors (i.e., solar radiation, lightning flashes, and electricity consumption) using CSES satellite electric field data from 2019 to 2021. We also investigate the response of PLHR occurrence rate to COVID‐19. The statistical results show the dayside PLHR occurrence rate decreasing from winter to summer solstice and increasing from summer to winter solstice, which indicates it is controlled by the solar radiation. The nightside variation is more complex, which may be due to many sources that could influence the nightside lower ionosphere. The PLHR occurrence rate significantly decreased over Mainland China in February 2020, which is because of the significant decrease in electricity consumption due to the suspension of industrial production caused by COVID‐19.Alternate :Plain Language SummaryPower line harmonic radiation (PLHR) is the electromagnetic waves radiated by electric power systems at harmonic frequencies of 50 or 60 Hz, depending on the frequency of the system on the ground. Previous research mainly focuses on identification of individual PLHR events and their subsequent analysis. However, the number of base‐frequency PLHR signal events is the most abundant, which is suitable for the statistical study of PLHR occurrence rate and its variation pattern, and further study of the factors affecting its variation pattern. In this paper, we use 3 years of electric field data from the China Seismo‐Electromagnetic Satellite (CSES) which is an LEO satellite launched into orbit in February 2018 to investigate the month‐to‐month variation pattern of PLHR occurrence rate over Mainland China and its correlation with the influencing factors. The response of PLHR occurrence rate to COVID‐19 are also investigated.

9.
16. ITG-Fachkonferenz Breitbandversorgung in Deutschland - 16th ITG Expert Conference on Broadband Coverage in Germany ; : 36-42, 2022.
Article in English | Scopus | ID: covidwho-2045335

ABSTRACT

Fast and reliable broadband Internet access is essential, which was emphasized even more during the worldwide COVID-19 pandemic. Still, many locations do not have access to terrestrial broadband Internet access. Satellite communication provides area-wide coverage with high data rates. Europe is served by several geostationary satellites and the new Starlink megaconstellation in low Earth orbit is available since recently. This paper summarizes the findings of our comprehensive study in which we evaluated the performance of different applications over different Internet access technologies, with focus on Internet access via satellite. Four geostationary satellite providers, the Starlink megaconstellation, and two terrestrial access links (DSL and LTE) were selected. Results show that satellite communication provides fast and reliable Internet access. The high latency of geostationary satellite links is problematic for some applications, especially interactive applications and virtual private networks. The Starlink low Earth orbit megaconstellation is able to perform as good as terrestrial Internet access technologies. © VDE VERLAG GMBH ∙ Berlin ∙ Offenbach.All rights reserved.

10.
2022 IEEE Aerospace Conference, AERO 2022 ; 2022-March, 2022.
Article in English | Scopus | ID: covidwho-2037815

ABSTRACT

In January 2017, 'Psyche: Journey to a Metal World' was selected for implementation as part of NASA's Discovery program. The Psyche mission will utilize electric propulsion with SPT-140 Hall thrusters to rendezvous and orbit the metal-rich asteroid (16) Psyche, in the main asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter. The Psyche spacecraft requires no chemical propulsion and, when launched in 2022, will be the first mission to use Hall thrusters beyond lunar orbit. The Psyche spacecraft is a hybrid development with Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL)-provided deep-space avionics and communications equipment mounted on a high-heritage MAXAR (formerly Space Systems Loral) Solar-Electric Propulsion (SEP) Chassis, based on their 1300 series of GEO communications satellites. The spacecraft is equipped to support a suite of science instruments, as well as a demonstration of the Deep Space Optical Communications (DSOC) technology. The spacecraft has sufficient onboard resources, autonomy, redundancy, and operability to complete a 3.5-year cruise to 16 Psyche, followed by a 20-month campaign of science investigations while orbiting the asteroid. The mission's early concept design and progress through Preliminary Design Review (PDR) has been described in previous work. The paper will cover the recent mission progress from the Critical Design Review (CDR) through the start of Spacecraft Environmental Testing, which took place during the COVID pandemic. The authors will highlight the successful remote collaboration between the major partners: ASU, JPL, MAXAR, and the Payload teams that led to the initiation of the Assembly, Test, Launch, Operations Phase (ATLO) in early March 2021. Emphasis will be placed on the effects that the COVID-19 pandemic had on the work environment over the last 16+ months, including challenges to delivery of flight hardware and test equipment. In addition to the COVID-19 challenges, other significant anomalies discovered during design and test will be described along with any impacts to the overall science capability of the mission. © 2022 IEEE.

11.
2022 IEEE Aerospace Conference, AERO 2022 ; 2022-March, 2022.
Article in English | Scopus | ID: covidwho-2037813

ABSTRACT

Currently scheduled for liftoff in 2024, Gateway will be an outpost orbiting the moon for astronauts headed to and from the lunar surface and will serve as a staging point for deep space exploration. In January 2020, NASA Headquarters contacted Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) with a request that they provide a Heliophysics instrumentation package for Gateway. This package would later become known as the Heliophysics Environmental & Radiation Measurement Experiment Suite (HERMES). HERMES consists of four high-heritage instruments-a Miniaturized Electron pRoton Telescope (MERIT), an Electron Electrostatic Analyzer (EEA), a Solar Probe Analyzer-Ions (SPAN-I), and Noise Eliminating Magnetometer Instrument in a Small Integrated System (NEMISIS), which consists of one fluxgate and two magneto-inductive magnetometers. Launching HERMES with Gateway would provide an opportunity to conduct early science experiments on Gateway, but the plan to develop HERMES concurrently with Gateway and launch with the co-manifested vehicle brought numerous technical challenges for the pathfinder payload. HERMES was intended to be a low-cost, tailored Class-D mission, and maintaining that programmatic position proved difficult as the technical challenges grew. The effects of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) were not factored in from the beginning and also created programmatic challenges. This paper will discuss what's being done to overcome the technical and programmatic challenges to put HERMES on track for a 2024 Launch Readiness Date (LRD). © 2022 IEEE.

12.
Intellectual Property Journal ; 34(3):267-316, 2022.
Article in English | ProQuest Central | ID: covidwho-2012474

ABSTRACT

According to director, writer and producer Adam McKay, the star-studded film was initially conceived as a commentary on the arguably overly politicized climate change debate but, as they began filming during the COVID pandemic, life began to truly imitate art in that health policy often seemed to be dictated by politics.7 In responding to their existential threat, constituencies in the film fall into one of two factions. Like the film's protagonists, we can simply look up, and see that there is much to be fearful of given the inability of the law and politics to keep up with many aspects within the science and technology of space exploration.13 Consider the following timely example of what awaits us while looking up: the Kessler Syndrome, graphically illustrated in the 2013 George Clooney and Sandra Bullock film Gravity.14 In 1978, Donald Kessler described the eponymic Kessler Syndrome as the tipping point scenario wherein destructive collisions between fragments emanating from man-made objects in space become inevitable given the number of discarded debris in Earth's orbit.15 In that film, their particular Kessler Syndrome is kicked off by a Russian anti-satellite missile test on a satellite in low Earth orbit, resulting in an insatiably destructive debris field. In addition to all the operating satellites in orbit, currently, there are more than 8,800 metric tons of space debris in Earth's immediate orbit,20 including an estimated 100 million tiny untraceable pieces.21 Regardless of their size however, each piece of space debris is effectively a supersonic missile capable of causing significant damage.22 According to the European Space Agency (ESA), a collision of just a one centimetre wide particle travelling at 10 km/second will release the same amount of energy on impact as a small car crashing on Earth at 40km/hour.23 In addition to the potential damage to other satellites, rockets and space stations, should they be struck by this debris, there are other actual economic costs associated with space debris. [...]the roles of government in developing, owning, launching and managing satellites has given way to a burgeoning private industry;however, governments still play a decisive role as the market remains relatively small.29 Terrestrial communication, networking, navigational and entertainment systems are all reliant on satellites, and the more satellites that are sent up, including most troubling, new large minsatellite constellations,30 the more likely a catastrophic collision could cause havoc to the aforementioned networks.

13.
International Journal of Digital Earth ; 15(1):1218-1234, 2022.
Article in English | Scopus | ID: covidwho-1931722

ABSTRACT

The anthropogenic CO2 emission is contributed to the rapid increase in CO2 concentration. In the current study the anthropogenic CO2 emission in the Middle East (ME) is investigated using 6 years column-averaged CO2 dry air mole fraction (XCO2) observation from Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 (OCO-2) satellite. In this way, the XCO2 anomaly ((Formula presented.) XCO2) as the detrended and deseasonalized term of OCO-2XCO2 product, was computed and compared to provide the direct space-based anthropogenic CO2 emission monitoring. As a result, the high positive and negative (Formula presented.) XCO2 values have corresponded to the major sources such as oil and gas industries, and growing seasons over ME, respectively. Consequently, the Open-source Data Inventory for Anthropogenic CO2 (ODIAC) emission and the gross primary productivity (GPP) were utilized in exploring the (Formula presented.) XCO2 relation with human and natural driving factors. The results showed the capability of (Formula presented.) XCO2 maps in detecting CO2 emission fluctuations in defined periods were detectible in daily to annual periods. The simplicity and accuracy of the method in detecting the man-made and natural driving factors including the main industrial areas, megacities, or local changes due to COVID-19 pandemic or geopolitical situations as well as the vegetation absorption and biomass burning is the key point that provides the environmental managers and policymakers with valuable and accessible information to control and ultimately reduce the CO2 emission over critical regions. © 2022 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.

14.
HVM Bioflux ; 14(1):47-53, 2022.
Article in English | CAB Abstracts | ID: covidwho-1870793

ABSTRACT

The burden of COVID-19 is not only represented by pneumonia and acute respiratory failure, but also by its numerous complications, especially those unexpected or less reported. In view of this, we present the case of a 71 years old male patient admitted for severe acute respiratory failure and sudden alteration of the general condition who was tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 infection 12 day before. Native chest CT scan result was suggestive of a severe COVID-19 pneumonia. Shortly after admission, the patient accused persistent headache located in the right frontal area which evolved bilaterally and it associated periorbital edema later. Based on the cranial CT scan he was diagnosed with acute pansinusitis and periorbital cellulitis. Despite broad spectrum antibiotic and antifungal therapy the inflammatory syndrome was rising and his clinical condition was getting worse. Considering the inflammatory recurrence, his immunosuppressed status caused by COVID-19 and the corticosteroid therapy, his history of diabetes, the cranial CT scan and the extemporaneous histopathological examination, we suspected mucormycosis. So, the patient underwent surgical transosseus drainage of the right sinus and nasal endoscopy with further recommendation of functional endoscopic sinus surgery. The extemporaneous histopathological examination of the samples collected during surgery suggested a presumptive diagnose of mucormycosis. Although right after surgical debridement we started targeted antifungal therapy, his impaired condition required transfer to the intensive care unit.

15.
2021 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, IGARSS 2021 ; : 1560-1562, 2021.
Article in English | Scopus | ID: covidwho-1861117

ABSTRACT

To track atmospheric CO2 changes resulting from the lockdowns, observations collected by the NASA Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 (OCO-2) satellite and Japan's Greenhouse gases Observing SATellite (GOSAT) in 2020 were compared to results collected in previous years. The OCO-2 results were used to search for changes on regional scales over the globe. Targeted observations from GOSAT were used to track changes in large urban areas, such as Beijing and Tokyo. Both types of observations yielded key insights into the CO2 changes accompanying the economic disruptions caused by the COVID-19 lockdowns. ESA, NASA and JAXA developed the dashboard jointly to monitor the climate impacts of COVID-19. © 2021 IEEE

16.
Cehui Xuebao/Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica ; 51(3):401-412, 2022.
Article in Chinese | Scopus | ID: covidwho-1811332

ABSTRACT

On-orbit geometric calibration without field site is a key problem for future multi-beam laser altimetry satellites. In view of the linear system full waveform laser altimeter loaded on the GF-7 satellite, a non-field step by step calibration method based on terrain and waveform matching is proposed. Based on the analysis of the characteristics of the GF-7 satellite laser altimeter, a rigorous geometric positioning model is constructed. The field-free on orbit geometric calibration test is carried out by using the open topographic reference data and the basic geographic information of DOM and LiDAR DSM in a certain area, which has greatly improved the accuracy of the laser altimetry data. With this method, during the first half of 2020, the calibration parameter configuration and data processing of GF-7 satellite laser altimeter was not affected, even the field calibration can't be implemented due to the negative impact of the COVID-19. The accuracy is compared with the field calibration results after the COVID-19, and the results show that the plane error of the non-field calibration is 11.597±3.693 m and the minimum value is 7.115 m. The elevation accuracy of flat area is better than 0.3 m, although it is slightly lower than the results of field calibration, it can basically meet the requirements of 1: 10 000 elevation control points. © 2022, Surveying and Mapping Press. All right reserved.

17.
IAF Space Transportation Solutions and Innovations Symposium 2021 at the 72nd International Astronautical Congress, IAC 2021 ; D2, 2021.
Article in English | Scopus | ID: covidwho-1790579

ABSTRACT

As world space launch activities have entered an intensive stage, how to effectively improve efficiency, reduce costs, and enhance the ability to go into space while ensuring reliability and safety has become an important factor in measuring space capabilities. The launch vehicle must fly reliably and stably, and send the satellite into the predetermined orbit accurately. Not only is the important role of the systems on the vehicle, but ground testing and launch control also play a vital role in ensuring the success of the launch vehicle mission. The emergence of COVID-19 in early 2020 also challenged the personnel-intensive industrial model. Intelligent, unmanned, efficient, and system will be the dominant model in the future. This paper reviews the development status of the world's launch vehicle test launch technology, analyzes the capabilities and shortcomings of existing test launch technology, and proposes the development trend of future launch vehicle test launch technology based on new technologies emerging from the new round of scientific and technological revolution. The outlook for next-generation test launch system is also presented. Future test launch technologies will highlight the three characteristics of digitalization, networking and intelligence. Digitization lays the foundation for test launch informationization. Its development trend is big data analysis and application, replacing the existing software tools to extract, store, search, share, analyze, and process massive and complex data sets to achieve depth test launch data mining and maximum value. Networking provides a physical carrier for information dissemination. Its development trend is the adoption of Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS), integrated computing, communication, and control. Through networking, ground test transmitting equipment has computing, communication, precise control, remote coordination, autonomy and other functions. Intelligence reflects the level of information application. Its development trend is a new generation of artificial intelligence. According to the requirements of vehicle launch, it could quickly generate data and upload binding. Through intelligent detection methods, it could complete the required operations, inspections and tests before launching, and achieve autonomous vehicle launching. In the future, intelligent cyber-physical fusion system based on big data will become the mainstream direction of rocket vehicle test launch technology, which will further simplify operations, improve efficiency, reduce costs, and achieve the goal of "launch during transport". © 2021 by the International Astronautical Federation (IAF). All rights reserved.

18.
IAF Space Transportation Solutions and Innovations Symposium 2021 at the 72nd International Astronautical Congress, IAC 2021 ; D2, 2021.
Article in English | Scopus | ID: covidwho-1790326

ABSTRACT

The 2010's has seen a dramatic increase in potential small launch vehicle contenders, defined as rockets capable of carrying at most 1000 kg to Low Earth Orbit. Spurred on by government programs such as the European Horizon 2020 or the American DARPA Launch Challenge, and the rapid proliferation of CubeSats and nanosatellites, more than 100 different commercial, semi-commercial, and government entities worldwide are now working on new entrants of this class. To date the most successful small launcher, the Northrop Grumman Pegasus has launched 45 times, but its flight rate has dropped to less than one a year. At the same time launch opportunities on ESPA rings, secondary slots on larger launchers, and CubeSat missions as cargo to the International Space Station have proliferated. Despite this seemingly bleak market environment, new entrants have emerged looking for a new magic formula. Others are new commercial entries from unexpected markets such as China. All are inspired by the success of SpaceX and the desire to capitalize on the perceived demand caused by the mega constellations. This paper presents an overview of the small satellite launch systems under development today. Capabilities, stated performance goals, cost, and funding sources are compared where available. This paper is a yearly update of a paper originally presented at the 2015 Conference on Small Satellites [1] and subsequently at the 2016 International Astronautical Congresses [2]. We also review the growing number of entrants that have dropped out since we first started this report. Despite the COVID- 19 pandemic, the authors discovered fifteen new systems under development and one system became operational in the past 12 months. Two other systems attempted their first flight in 2021 but were unsuccessful. The author welcomes any comments, feedback, or corrections. Copyright 2021 by Northrop Grumman Corporation. Published by the IAF, with permission and released to the IAF to publish in all forms.

19.
IAF Space Exploration Symposium 2021 at the 72nd International Astronautical Congress, IAC 2021 ; A3, 2021.
Article in English | Scopus | ID: covidwho-1782209

ABSTRACT

The Emirates Mars Mission (EMM) is the United Arab Emirates (UAE) first mission to Mars and is the first Arab mission to another planet. It launched an unmanned observatory called "Hope" into an elliptical orbit around Mars on July 20, 2020 carrying three scientific instruments to study the Martian atmosphere in visible, ultraviolet, and infrared wavelengths. EMM will be the first mission to provide the first truly global picture of the Martian atmosphere, revealing important information about how atmospheric processes drive diurnal variations for a period of one Martian year. This will provide scientists with valuable understanding of the changes to the Martian atmosphere today through the achievement of three scientific objectives: A. Characterize the state of the Martian lower atmosphere on global scales and its geographic, diurnal and seasonal variability. B. Correlate rates of thermal and photochemical atmospheric escape with conditions in the collisional Martian atmosphere. C. Characterize the spatial structure and variability of key constituents in the Martian exosphere. The mission is led by Emiratis from Mohammed Bin Rashid Space Centre (MBRSC) and is expanding the nation s human capital through knowledge transfer programs set with international partners from the University of Colorado Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics (LASP), Arizona State University (ASU) School of Earth and Space Exploration, and University of California Berkeley Space Sciences Laboratory (SSL). The paper highlights the driving motivation behind the mission, its scientific objectives and instruments, the unforeseen challenges amid the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as the status and accomplishments of the mission since its Mars Orbit insertion on Feb 9, 2021. © 2021 International Astronautical Federation, IAF. All rights reserved.

20.
2021 IEEE International Conference on Electronic Technology, Communication and Information, ICETCI 2021 ; : 410-414, 2021.
Article in English | Scopus | ID: covidwho-1741188

ABSTRACT

Telemedicine platforms have been largely used to manage multiple problems during the Covid-19 pandemic. In fact, they have given the possibility of remotely monitoring infected and high-risk patients, reducing hospitalisations. Telemonitoring systems with Global Navigation Satellite System technology allow to geo-localise all patients' measurements and enable the tracking of positions. These data can be used for contact tracing or to support doctors in epidemiological analysis. This paper presents the integration of satellite technologies in an existing telemedicine system (E@syCare), during the current outbreak. In particular, the platform has been enhanced with GPS, to geo-tag all vital parameters collected by the tablet gateway and the smartwatch. Geographical data are processed, after a request through the improved web-based medical interface based on some filters (e.g., vital parameters and their thresholds, considered period of time, and maximum cluster radius), with two sequential clustering algorithms. Agglomerative Clustering is used to find the optimal number of clusters given a maximum radius, and K-Means to effectively generate the predefined number of clusters. Resulting clusters are shown on an interactive epidemiological map in the webbased medical interface. This additional feature gives the possibility to healthcare authorities to correlate the spread of a disease or a virus with specific geographical areas or environmental conditions, to monitor fitness/movement habits of patients (also when the pandemic is over), and to track contact among patients. ©2021 IEEE.

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